Mars has gone from a point of red light in the night sky to the most tangible destination in human spaceflight. In the span of a single lifetime we have mapped its canyons and volcanoes from orbit, landed rovers that trundle across ancient lakebeds, flown the first aircraft in another world's atmosphere, and manufactured breathable oxygen from Martian air. The question is no longer whether humans will go, but when — and what kind of world we will build when we arrive. Let's go!
This site is a complete guide to that undertaking. On the science side, we cover how Mars formed, why it lost its water and atmosphere, what its geology reveals about a planet that died, and the chemistry that colonists will one day exploit to survive. On the human side, we trace the full arc of robotic exploration — from Mariner 4's first grainy flyby to Perseverance caching samples for return to Earth — and lay out the step-by-step roadmap to settlement, from landing site selection to growing food, managing radiation, and governing a society that no longer answers to Earth.
We also take seriously the parts of Mars that rarely make the mission briefings: what colonists will eat, wear, and believe; how they will fall in love, compete, mourn their dead, and invent new sports, slang, and cuisine in 38% gravity. Mars is not just an engineering problem. It is the next place human culture will take root. Explore the stories and ideas that shaped how we imagine it, and the facts that ground it in reality.
Featured
What Does It Mean to Be a Martian? Identity on Another World
The first humans on Mars won't just be explorers — they'll be the founders of an entirely new branch of human civilization. What does identity…
The Psychology of Isolation: What Mars Will Do to the Human Mind
A Mars mission will push human psychology to its absolute limits. From communication delays to years of confinement, here's what the science tells us about…
Sex in Space: The Science and Ethics Nobody Wants to Talk About
If humans are going to colonize Mars, reproduction off-Earth isn't optional — it's essential. Here's what science actually knows, and what remains dangerously unresolved.
The Human Mission
A step-by-step guide to what it actually takes.
Exploration History
Every Mars mission, from Mariner 4 to today.
Mars Careers
The jobs that will get us there.
Sci-Fi & Culture
Mars through the lens of imagination.
Latest Articles
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What It Takes to Survive Mars Dust
Mars dust is far more dangerous than it looks. From toxic perchlorates to lung-shredding particles, here's what the…
The Geology of Mars: What Rocks Tell Us About a Dead Planet
Mars may be geologically quiet today, but its rocks preserve billions of years of planetary history. Here's what…
Mars Dust Devils: Beautiful, Dangerous, and Everywhere
Mars dust devils are towering vortices that dwarf anything on Earth, reshaping the planet's surface and threatening spacecraft.…
How Long is a Day on Mars? Time, Calendars, and Life on the Red Planet
A Martian day — called a sol — lasts 24 hours, 39 minutes, and 35 seconds. Here's how…
The Moons of Mars: Phobos, Deimos, and Their Strange Orbits
Mars has two small, misshapen moons with orbits unlike anything else in the solar system. Here's what we…
What Would Mars Sound Like? The Science of Sound on Another Planet
Mars has an atmosphere, which means it can carry sound — but not the way Earth does. Here's…
Mars News
Mars Facts
Mars Once Had a Global Magnetic Field
Remnant magnetic signatures in ancient rocks indicate Mars once had a global magnetic field similar to Earth's. It ceased about 4 billion years ago when the planet's core cooled, after which the solar wind gradually stripped away much of the atmosphere.
Mars Has Two Tiny Moons
Phobos and Deimos are Mars's two small, irregularly shaped moons, likely captured asteroids. Phobos orbits so close to Mars that it completes an orbit in just 7 hours 39 minutes — faster than Mars rotates — and will eventually crash into the planet in roughly 50 million years.
Valles Marineris Would Span the United States
The Valles Marineris canyon system stretches about 4,000 km long — roughly the distance from New York to Los Angeles. In places it reaches 7 km deep and 200 km wide, dwarfing the Grand Canyon.